| Behavioral Response Studies |
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BRS 07 - 08
Project Summary
A Behavioral Response Study in 2007 &2008
(BRS-07/08) was conducted in the Bahamas to study diving behavior and sound
production in beaked whales and other marine mammals, including how animals may
change their behavior when they hear different sounds. |
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Southall BRS Presentation at Quebec SMM 09
This presentation provides the combined scientific methodologies and accomplishments of BRS-07/08, as well as the important implications of our results. |
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Hazen BRS Presentation at Quebec SMM 09
This poster presentation gives detailed analyses of the acoustic measurements of potential cetacean prey species in the study area, as well as physical oceanographic measurements of small-scale water movement affecting prey distribution. |
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Allen BRS Presentation at Quebec SMM 09
This poster presentation provides detailed analyses of the movement patterns of the individual beaked whale exposed to mid-frequency sonar and killer whale sounds in BRS-07. |
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Sayigh BRS Presentation at Quebec SMM 09
This presentation provides detailed analysis and categorization of the vast array of sounds produced by short-fined pilot whales (before sound exposure) tagged during BRS-07/08. |
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Quick BRS Presentation at Quebec SMM 09
This presentation analyzes the vocal responses of tagged pilot whales before, during, and after sound exposure during BRS-07/08 and demonstrates changes in vocal behavior. |
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DeRuiter BRS Presentation at Quebec SMM 09
This presentation also assesses vocal responses during BRS-07/08, but also looks at other focal cetacean species (false killer whales and melon-headed whales) and identifies vocal ‘mimicry’ of sonar sounds in false killer whales. |
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"MED-09" BRS Project Summary
MED-09 is a research
project designed to measure where, why, and how different species of whales and
dolphins live in interesting and important biological areas of the western
Mediterranean Sea. |
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2009
Federal Register File No. 14534_for "SOCAL" BRS
Application
requesting a five-year permit to conduct a research program involving studies
of sound production, diving and other behavior, and responses to sound of
marine mammals. |
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BRS-08 Final Cruise Report
This is the final
cruise report of BRS-08, conducted in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas) in
which animals were exposed to carefully measured doses of underwater sound
while their responses were being measured. |
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BRS-07
Final Cruise Report
This is the final cruise report of the first
behavioral response study to be carried out on beaked and pilot whales in which
these animals were exposed to carefully measured doses of underwater sound
while their responses were being measured. |
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| Field Research |
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Holt et al (2005) - Behavioral and Playback Investigations
of Call Directionality in Male Northern Elephant Seals
This study
describes a sound playback experiment to measure how elephant seals respond to
sounds of other seals given from different orientations. |
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Southall et al (2003) - Signal Detection
Ranges
This study uses a combination of field and laboratory data to
make predictions about how far from one another elephant seals can be and still
hear one another. |
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| Lab Research on Noise
Impacts |
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Kastak et al (2007 JASA) - Aerial TTS
Study
Onset, growth, and recovery of in-air temporary threshold
shift (TTS) in a California sea lion (Zalophus
californianus). |
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Holt and Schusterman (2007) -_Spatial release from masking
(SRM) of aerial tones in pinnipeds
In this study, SRM was
investigated in a harbor seal, (Phoca vitulina), who naturally lacks
pinnae, and California sea lion, (Zalophus californianus), who possesses
reduced pinnae. |
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Holt et al_(2005 JASA) - Localization of aerial pure tones
by pinnipeds
In this study, minimum audible angles (MAAs) of aerial
pure tones were measured in and compared between a northern elephant seal
(Mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and a
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). |
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Kastak et al (2005 JASA) - Underwater temporary threshold
shift in pinnipeds: Effects of noise level and duration
Behavioral
psychophysical techniques were used to evaluate the residual effects of
underwater noise on the hearing sensitivity of three pinnipeds: a California
sea lion (Zalophus californianus), a harbor seal (Phoca
vitulina), and a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris).
Temporary threshold shift (TTS), defined as the difference between auditory
thresholds obtained before and after noise exposure, was assessed. |
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Southall et al_(2005 ARLO) - Reliability of underwater
hearing thresholds in pinnipeds
Repeated measures of low-frequency
underwater hearing sensitivity in individuals of three pinniped species tested
over 4–7 years are presented. |
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Southall et al (2003 JASA) - Auditory masking in three
pinnipeds: Aerial critical ratios and direct critical bandwidth
measurements
This study expands the limited understanding of
pinniped aerial auditory masking and includes measurements at some of the
relatively low frequencies predominant in many pinniped
vocalizations. |
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Southall et al (2000 JASA) - Masking in three pinnipeds:
Underwater, low-frequency critical ratios
Behavioral techniques were
used to determine underwater masked hearing thresholds for a northern elephant
seal (Mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina),
and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). |
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Kastak and Schusterman_(1998 JASA) - Low-frequency
amphibious hearing in pinnipeds: Methods, measurements, noise, and
ecology
Aerial low-frequency (100–6400 Hz) hearing thresholds
were obtained for one California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), one
harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and one northern elephant seal
(Mirounga angustirostris). |
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| Marine Mammals and Noise - Criteria and
Research Recommendations |
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2009
IATF Final Report
A Report of the Joint Subcommittee on Ocean
Science & Technology (JSOST) - "Addressing the Effects of Human-Generated
Sound on Marine Life: An Integrated Research Plan for U.S. Federal
Agencies”. |
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Aquatic
Mammals (2007 Volume 33, Number 4)
Marine Mammal Noise Exposure
Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations |
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| Shipping Noise |
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MEPC_59-19
(April 2009)
This document is the Marine Environment Protection
Committee report on the issue of “Noise from commercial shipping and its
adverse impact on marine life”. |
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Scholik plus Southall - AMSA Chap. 6 on Noise Disturbances
This is one chapter of a larger report (the Arctic Marine Shipping
Assessment) that considers environmental impacts of commercial shipping on
marine life, including noise. |
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August 2008 OSPAR_- Noise Module Shipping
This
document also summarizes issues related to shipping noise and marine mammals as
part of a larger document by OSPAR summarizing the effects of noise on marine
life. |
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MEPC_58-19 (June
2008)
This document by the Marine Environment Protection Committee
proposes the inclusion of a new high priority work programme item on the agenda
of the Committee to take action to minimize the incidental introduction of
noise from commercial shipping operations into the marine environment to reduce
potential adverse impacts on marine life. |
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April 2008 - Report from the International Workshop on
Shipping Noise and Marine Mammals held in Hamburg, Germany
A diverse
group of stakeholders from around the world was convened with expertise in the
areas of underwater acoustics, naval architecture, marine engineering, ship
building, marine mammal bioacoustics, marine operations, and noise control, as
well as in international maritime and environmental law and policy. |
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MEPC 57-20
INF.4 (December 2007)
This information document advises the
Committee of the issue of noise generated by international shipping and its
potential adverse impact on marine life. |
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NOAA 2007 Vessel Quieting Symposium Final
Report
Potential Application of Vessel-Quieting Technology on Large
Commercial Vessels |
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2004 Shipping Symposium Final Report
Shipping
Noise and Marine Mammals: A Forum for Science, Management, and
Technology |
